There seems to be one irrefutable rule about social media in schools: Teachers and students should never, never be Facebook friends.
The Republican photo illustration | Dave RobackSchools are toughening rules regarding the use of electronic communications among students.
There seems to be one irrefutable rule about social media in schools: Teachers and students should never, never be Facebook friends.
But, in the ever-changing world of electronic media, educators and even students are struggling to sort out how to use websites, Twitter and email as a teaching tool without crossing the line into the inappropriate.
Some school committees have policies of varying strictness, while others have delayed implementing anything out of fears that rules will be obsolete in months or they will be too strict and violate employees' or students' rights.
Many say they must also rely on teachers to use professional judgment when embarking on the world of electronic communications.
"It is extremely tricky," said Glenn Koocher, executive director of the Massachusetts Association of School Committees. "We have a model policy we sent out that was designed to protect the faculty as well as the kids. Many districts adopted it, and some amended it, and some thought it was over the top."
There have been few problems statewide, partly because the issue has been in the media, so teachers are careful.
Koocher said there are rules teachers can follow to prevent impropriety. Emails should be sent to an entire group, and anything posted on a website should be limited to academic information.
When it comes to the popular Facebook site where anyone can start a personal page with photos and text, the association recommends against teachers accepting students as friends. A friend may have access to any information posted.
Teachers use a variety of methods to keep in touch with their students, and the most popular method is email. Others set up classroom web pages or blogs to post homework assignments, project deadlines and links to information about a subject the class is studying. Most pages are set up through their school's Internet site, and are safe because they can only be accessed by students with a password.
"I have a simple way of contacting kids, and I recommend to other teachers that they don't have a Facebook page," said Mark G. Todd.
As choral director at Holyoke High School, Todd frequently has to reach students since event times change and practices get canceled.
File photo | The Republican06.17.11 | HOLYOKE — Holyoke High Music Director Mark Todd rehearses with the Holyoke High Madrigal Singers before they perform at an event at the Yankee Pedlar.
All students have his cell phone number and can call. To reach multiple students, Todd set up a phone tree in September so he only has to call one or two students, and they in turn call a few more who call a few more.
"They know I hate to text. I tell them I'm forcing you to talk to a human being and get a response," he said. "I force them away from social media."
As a teacher for 30 years, Todd said he never had a need for social media networks, but understands the dilemma younger teachers face since they use it so often.
Kathryn Stead, who teaches 11th-grade British literature and is the student newspaper adviser at Holyoke High, is 26 and one of those young teachers. Her Facebook page is totally off limits to students.
"I use the privacy setting. I'm on there for myself and no, you cannot 'friend' me," she said.
Stead said she has a school email account that students can use to ask her a question outside class. She also uses Weebly, an educational Internet service that allows her to create virtual meeting rooms, to set up a class page and also has students set up their own mock pages on different subjects such as romantic poets.
"I do like using the social networking medium in an educational way," she said.
But she said she is always careful to keep anything used in her classroom completely professional and academic.
Stead said she does not want students to know details of her personal life that she posts to friends on Facebook and worries students do not use the same privacy settings to hide their own personal information.
"I think there should be boundaries," she said. "I think it is important to model for students what is correct behavior in class. They know I'm friendly, but I'm not their friend."
She is also available before and after school for extra help, and Stead said she believes students have to take responsibility for their own education and not just get easy answers through electronic media.
But Stead admits that even her careful approach to social media is not perfect. Often, students are suffering "password overload" and won't check unfamiliar sites such as a school website. As one of the school's coaches who help at-risk students graduate, she said other teachers often talk about finding a better way to keep in touch.
Holyoke schools do not have a policy banning teachers from using social media, but administrators repeat the mantra at teacher training sessions: Don't friend students.
"I tell teachers how dangerous ... Facebook can be. You can go out to a wedding and share pictures of family, and kids are good at (Photoshop)," said Douglas Arnold, student services director for Holyoke.
Administrators don't want to interfere with teachers' rights to communicate and rely on them to keep any communications with students or parents professional.
"We recommend strongly they learn the privacy settings. They use them all the time, and they pay attention to what their profile picture is," Arnold said.
The Springfield Public Schools also has no policy specifically dedicated to social media use. Timothy Collins, Springfield Education Association president, said he does not recommend against staff having personal Facebook pages, but advises them to be cautious.
Timothy Collins
"My recommendation to them, especially young teachers, is to clean up their Facebook page to make sure there is nothing to jeopardize their careers," he said. "Make sure your Facebook page and picture is sanitized and could be viewed by the most pious of people."
Teachers are held to a higher standard, and anything they post should stand up to scrutiny, he said.
Similar to other educators, Collins said his advice is that the best way to communicate with students is through the school email accounts and use the school websites if they want to set up classroom pages, which are safe and can be monitored.
Even then, he recommends teachers be very careful in any communication with students, especially since written messages can be misunderstood.
"It needs to be professional," he said. "Any electronic communication needs to be strictly about school."
Collins said he has never run into a problem with any of the teachers in the schools.
That has not been the case in Chicopee, which now has one of the strictest school policies on electronic communications.
In 2009, Comprehensive High School teacher Jason P. Beaudry was charged with annoying and accosting members of the opposite sex and disseminating obscene material to minors after he showed students sexual photos that were on his cell phone. He resigned from teaching, and his state license was revoked.
Last spring, Chicopee High School teacher Donald J. Cushing, now 60, was charged with statutory rape after a 15-year-old student reported having sex with him several times in his classroom closet. A family member of the teenager first aired concerns after seeing inappropriate text messages on the girl's phone, and court documents later said Cushing admitted sending sexual images via phone. He resigned, and his trial is pending.
The policy, passed in the summer, bans teachers from becoming friends with students on social networking sites and forbids teachers from giving students their cell phone numbers unless approved by administrators. It requires all contact to be made through school phones or email.
The policy was adopted when School Committee members realized communication regulations were so outdated they discussed the use of beepers. It was not done as a result of the arrests, Committee member Sharon M. Nawrocki said.
As a parent of two Chicopee students, Nawrocki said she finds the school email is an effective way for teachers and students to communicate about homework questions, project deadlines and sports practices.
"We email directly to the teachers, and all of it is monitored," Nawrocki said. "Everyone is policing themselves."
Delmarina Lopez
Chicopee High student Delmarina Lopez, 16, a junior, said she finds it easy to email her teachers through the school account, and believes using Facebook to contact teachers is wrong.
Students discussed the issue a lot, especially after Cushing was arrested, and most agreed it is not acceptable, she said.
"Facebook is not meant to be professional. It is something you use with your friends," Lopez said. "There is never an excuse to try to contact your teacher on Facebook."
The only complaint about the policy came from coaches, who said they sometimes need to get in touch with players. The committee amended the policy to allow them limited communications mainly for scheduling and emergency purposes, Chicopee superintendent Richard W. Rege said.
In general, the biggest problem Chicopee schools face with electronic communications is student-to-student bullying on websites. Teachers typically used the school email and websites even before the policy, Rege said.
"The only incidents I can remember with any students and teachers were those two (arrests), but two is too many," he said.
Richard Rege Jr.
Along with the policy, administrators are also constantly reminding teachers about proper communications.
"We provide a forum so they can have contact, and they should not step outside the forum," Rege said.
Westfield Public Schools do not have a policy, and teachers are encouraged to create and use classroom blogs and websites that post educational information, said superintendent Suzanne Scallion.
"We have stellar teachers. I think we always need to be reminded of the power of our role with students," she said. "You have to draw a very clear line and have boundaries."
Having a classroom Facebook page can be an effective teaching tool. Teachers post assignments, give students research recommendations and even tell them to get off the computer and go study. Scallion said her advice to those who want to do so is to separate their personal lives from their professional lives.
The issue is not easy, Scallion said, because the potential for abuse through electronic media is great, and trying to create a policy when it is constantly evolving is difficult.
She tells her teachers using email or social networking that it is fine when reminding students of an upcoming test, but inappropriate when communicating with a concerned parent. That is best done in person, she said.
"I always tell teachers to use good judgment and be mindful of your role," she said.